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本帖最后由 山色空蒙 于 2020-7-24 12:33 编辑
Michael Sandel：哲学是对事物存在方式的批判性反思。
Philosophy is reflecting critically on the way things are. That includes reflecting critically on social and political and economic arrangements. It always intimates the possibility that things could be other than they are. And better. Julian Savulescu：哲学就是通过使用理性和概念工具、先天理由和对自身与世界状态的反思来获取知识。 Philosophy is in my view gaining knowledge through the use of reason and conceptual tools, a priori reason, and by reflecting about oneself and the state of the world. It employs the empirical sciences, but it’s not a version of science. It’s gaining knowledge through rational reflection. And in my own area philosophy is about understanding what people should do, what sort of person people should be, how people should act, by rationally reflecting on the courses of action or the nature of human beings. I also think philosophy should encourage people to gain knowledge, and reflect and to try to seek to understand the world and themselves through their capacity as rational animals. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong：哲学是对融贯合理的整全世界观的寻求。 Philosophy is the search for a coherent and justified overall world-view. Philosophers should stop looking at little issues in the corner of our lives and try to see how things fit together; how psychology fits with philosophy, how the mind fits with the body, how aesthetic value relates to economic value and justice. Those are the big issues: how do we fit together the different aspects of our lives? And that’s what philosophy ought to be addressing. Barry Smith：哲学是对现实之本性以及我们在其中的位置的基本、清晰、得当的思考。 I think it’s thinking fundamentally clearly and well about the nature of reality and our place in it, so as to understand better what goes on around us, and what our contribution is to that reality, and its effect on us. Robert Rowland Smith：哲学是一种爱知识的方式。 I think the Greek term has it exactly right; it’s a way of loving knowledge. Paul Snowdon：哲学是一组问题的名字，这些问题让我们深感有趣，而且不能通过任何专门的方式被回答。 Philosophy is the name we give to a collection of questions which are of deep interest to us and for which there isn’t any specialist way of answering. The categories in terms of which they are posed are ones which prevent experiments being carried out to answer them, so we’re thrown back on trying to answer them on the basis of evidence we can accumulate. For example, ‘Does God exist?’ You can’t hand that question over to some chap in a white coat to do an experiment. The category ‘God’ isn’t a category suitable for conducting experiments to determine whether there’s something of that sort or not. How do we decide? Well we simply have to weigh up the arguments for and against the existence of this kind of entity. And that is the general character of philosophical questions. Do values exist? Does the soul exist? Do sense data exist? And so on. ‘Philosophy’ is the name for that group of deep and important questions where there is no simple experimental way of answering them, and yet we want to know the answers. Kate Soper：哲学关涉文化和历史，也关涉超越它们的真理。 I think that one of the important things that philosophy is trying to do is to respect both the cultural relativity and historicity of our ideas while at the same time tease out what might be more trans-historical, trans-cultural truths. Raymond Tallis：哲学就是试图明白较宽泛意义上的事物如何在较宽泛的意义上联系起来。 One of my favourite definitions comes from Wilfrid Sellars. It is trying to see how things in the wider sense hang together in the wider sense. And my dream of philosophy is to make the universe we live in mind-portable, so instead of being possessed by it, you possess it. Tzvetan Todorov：哲学是一种寻求智慧、过更智慧生活的方式。 Philosophy is a subject that all French students have to take in the last class of high school. And they just hate it, because they can’t understand what philosophy is about. To answer more seriously, philosophy was a way of searching for wisdom, of leading a wiser life. And I adhere to this conception of philosophy. Keith Ward：哲学就是对智慧的追求。 I have a traditional, almost Indian approach to this: I think philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom, and that includes spiritual wisdom. So this means asking questions about the nature of the human self and the nature of reality, and how this will affect your life in practice. And in that sense, although I have experienced Oxford philosophy at its most intense, I’m definitely not an ordinary language philosopher. Jonathan Wolff：两个常识概念往不同方向拉扯，哲学问题就出现了，哲学也就开始了。 Well, I can tell you how philosophical problems arise in my view, which is where two common-sense notions push in different directions, and then philosophy gets started. And I suppose I also think that anything that claims to be philosophy which can’t be related back to a problem that arises in that way probably is empty.
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楼主
发表于 2020-7-24 12:26
发表于 2020-7-24 12:29
